How do I type the plus-minus sign ±?

On Windows, hold Alt and type 0177 on the numeric keypad. On a Mac, press Option + Shift + =. In HTML, use ±.

What is the difference between × and x?

× (Multiplication Sign, U+00D7) is a dedicated math character that’s centered and symmetrical, while x is just the letter. Using × makes equations clearer and avoids confusion with a variable named x.

How do I type the infinity symbol ∞?

Press Option + 5 on a Mac. On Windows, Alt + 236 types ∞ in many apps. In HTML, use ∞. Or copy ∞ from this page.

∴ means “therefore” and ∵ means “because.” They’re used in math proofs and logic, and sometimes as shorthand in notes.

Math Symbols Copy and Paste ± × ÷ √ ∞

Operators, comparison signs, roots, calculus, set theory, geometry and fractions — copy any math symbol for homework, docs or chats.

Your picks — tap symbols below to collect them here

Basic Math Symbols

Algebra & Calculus

Set Theory & Logic

Geometry Symbols

Fractions

Number Sets

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Keyboard shortcuts & HTML codes

Windows Alt codes need the numeric keypad with Num Lock on. On Mac, hold Option (⌥) while pressing the key.

Symbol	Name	Windows	Mac	HTML
−	Minus Sign	—	—	−
×	Multiplication Sign	Alt+0215	—	×
÷	Division Sign	Alt+0247	Option+/	÷
≠	Not Equal To	—	Option+=	≠
±	Plus-Minus Sign	Alt+0177	Option+Shift+=	±
≤	Less-Than or Equal To	Alt+243	Option+,	≤
≥	Greater-Than or Equal To	Alt+242	Option+.	≥
≈	Almost Equal To	Alt+247	Option+X	≈
≡	Identical To	Alt+240	—	&equiv;
∝	Proportional To	—	—	&prop;
∞	Infinity	Alt+236	Option+5	∞
‰	Per Mille Sign	Alt+0137	Option+Shift+R	&permil;
√	Square Root	Alt+251	Option+V	√
∑	N-ary Summation	—	Option+W	∑
∏	N-ary Product	—	Option+Shift+P	∏
∫	Integral	—	Option+B	∫
∂	Partial Differential	—	Option+D	∂
∆	Increment (Delta Operator)	—	Option+J	—
∇	Nabla	—	—	∇
∈	Element Of	—	—	∈
∉	Not an Element Of	—	—	∉
⊂	Subset Of	—	—	⊂
⊃	Superset Of	—	—	⊃
⊆	Subset of or Equal To	—	—	&sube;
⊇	Superset of or Equal To	—	—	&supe;
∩	Intersection	Alt+239	—	∩
∪	Union	—	—	∪
∅	Empty Set	—	—	∅
∀	For All	—	—	∀
∃	There Exists	—	—	∃
¬	Not Sign	Alt+0172	Option+L	¬
∧	Logical And	—	—	&and;
∨	Logical Or	—	—	&or;
⊕	Circled Plus	—	—	&oplus;
⊗	Circled Times	—	—	&otimes;
⇒	Implies (Double Arrow)	—	—	⇒
⇔	If and Only If	—	—	⇔
∴	Therefore	—	—	&there4;
∠	Angle	—	—	&ang;
⊥	Perpendicular (Up Tack)	—	—	&perp;
°	Degree Sign	Alt+0176	Option+Shift+8	°
π	Pi	Alt+227	Option+P	π
½	Fraction One Half	Alt+0189	—	½
¼	Fraction One Quarter	Alt+0188	—	¼
¾	Fraction Three Quarters	Alt+0190	—	¾

Math Symbols Without an Equation Editor

Word, Google Docs and LaTeX all have equation tools, but sometimes you just need one symbol in a sentence, an email or a chat message. Copying × instead of the letter x, or ≠ instead of “!=”, makes math readable for everyone. The comparison signs ≤ and ≥, the approximation sign ≈ and the plus-minus sign ± are among the most used in school and work documents.

Fractions like ½ and ¾ are single characters, so they stay neat in spreadsheets and recipes. For exponents like x², see the squared symbol page.

Keyboard Shortcuts for Common Math Symbols

On a Mac, many math symbols are one Option shortcut away: Option + = for ≠, Option + X for ≈, Option + , and Option + . for ≤ and ≥, Option + V for √, Option + 5 for ∞ and Option + P for π. On Windows, use the numeric keypad: Alt + 0177 for ±, Alt + 0215 for ×, Alt + 0247 for ÷, Alt + 251 for √ and Alt + 236 for ∞. In Word, typing a Unicode code followed by Alt + X also works — for example, 2260 then Alt + X gives ≠.